Top Tips of Objective Essay Topics

Top Tips of Objective Essay Topics The description is written in such a manner that anybody reading the objective will probably interpret it the same manner. Being objective is having the ability to remove yourself from the personal emotions and thoughts you might have about the topic, while being in a position to examine fairly and critique either side of the argument you're discussing. A SMART objective will probably happen because it's an event that's achievable. If this is the case, you could have a great beginning to your expository essay. From my experience, it's fine to start your essay with a question. Short essays are important when one is attempting to present an important topic without needing to compose lots of words or using many pages. If you would like to create a descriptive essay about your own personal experience, it might be unusual and specific. The individuals who search for it are driven by the firm belief an acceptable debate among free and sensible men is the sole approach to acquire any closer to it. Once you select the topic which suits you most, remember the reason you write your essay, concentrate on the most essential details to tell about in your text and don't neglect the value of senses and feelings in your essay. Whatever somebody expresses is only regarded as a manifestation of what it is that they are attempting to hide. There are a lot of expert essay writers that may cope at any essay in no moment. Some individuals have short attention span so that you will need to have the writing skills to produce your point with merely a few words. One of the greatest approaches to change anybody's mind is with an emotional investment. When choosing what to write about, make sure it is something which you recognize about. Objective Essay Topics - Dead or Alive? CONCLUSION it showcases the outcomes of the study depending on the treatment of the collected data. Research objective The key objective ought to be coupled with the hypothesis of the analysis. Be aware that the study objective is an active statement about the way in which the study is likely to answer the particular research question. You ought to back up your viewpoint with well-researched facts and data too. Establish the goal of the Research material, making certain that the objectives jive with this. They must always be set after having formulated a good research question. Research objectives are the aims of the research study. CONCLUSION An objective that follows SMART is more inclined to succeed because it's clear (specific) so you understand just what should be achieved. What to Expect From Objective Essay Topics? If there's a hypothesis involved, state how you mean to prove or disprove the hypothesis and broadly explain how you plan to achieve that. My argument differs. When you are finished with your essay, you must not simply check it for spelling and grammatical errors, but nevertheless, it also has to be checked for logical fallacies. Becoming creative and descriptive can on occasion be a challenge. If you want more inspiration, here's what you may also check out. So, it's a significant foundation for assorted epic stories! Quite frequently, the ideal topic is one which you truly care about, but you also will need to get well prepared to research it. The answers ought to be found in the essay. When you compose a brief essay, you should try to remember that there are not any elements to be sacrificed. Regardless of what piece of writing you are assigned at your institution, the comprehensive paper has to be interesting to read. The piece can be part of literature, a film or any other sort of art, an event or possibly a substantial issue that can be analyzed critically when asked. You may make a more original bit of writing. For instance, in college, you might be requested to compose a paper from the opposing standpoint. The ways students ought to be taught about their well-being. You may continue to keep your argumentative essays for your upcoming job portfolio in case they're highly graded. Once you comprehend the prompt, you may now brainstorm and draft your college application essay.

The United States Should Pass New Laws To Prevent...

The united states should pass new laws to prevent discrimination against lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender citizens because along with degrading discrimination socially, politically, and economically through history based on sexual orientation, they face verbal abuse, and other hate crimes in every aspect of their lives which it is against the declaration of independence and constitution. Sexuality is one of the most debated issued in our current politics, followed by leading disputes raised in their communities. Which are composed of education, representation, legal regulations, health, and strategies of political action(====). Equal protection of the law is secured by the fifth and fourteenth amendment and backed by†¦show more content†¦Many more are forced to cover and fake their lives, deny their families and lie about their intimate partner just to get by. LGBT people continue to face real discrimination and there is no federal law preventing them fro being fired or denied work based on their sexual orientation. The military is notorious for their public discrimination of gays and lesbians They can lose their children for being gay or lesbian, and are even denied the right to marry in some states. In 1992 Colorado executed Amendment 2, which opposed the current state laws and blocked future laws protecting lesbians, gay men and bisexuals from discrimination. The U. S. Supreme Court case 1996 Romer v. Evans decision. We must conclude that Amendment 2 classifies homosexuals not to further a proper legislative end but to make them unequal to everyone else. Which Colorado could not do. A state cannot deem a class of persons a stranger to its laws. (Justice Anthony Kennedy, Majority Opinion in Romer v, Evans I) The Declaration of Independence states that; â€Å"we hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that t hey are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights. These words of the Declaration of Independence were written many years ago, and even so, the founding fathers believed in the importance of equality. All men are created equal, which should omit them from unnecessary discrimination .†Show MoreRelatedThe Voting Rights Act Of 1965862 Words   |  4 PagesSection 4(b) of the Voting Rights Act is unconstitutional. The Voting Rights Act was meant to prevent historically discriminatory states from passing discriminatory voting laws. The purpose was to end racial discrimination in voting. Section 4(b) lays out the formula for which these states are selected. 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Violence towards the LGBTQ+ community in America is not as publicly seen or heard of as in Russia, but it is still there. Russia and the U.S have similar, yet different forms of hate crimes against LGBTQ+ persons. In the United States, sexual assault and gun violence are often what you hear in regards to hate crimes; that is if it is large enough to make the news at all. Unlike in Russia, theRead MoreDiscrimination Against LGBT Community1003 Words   |  5 PagesThe dictionary defines discrimination as the unjust or prejudicial treatment of different categories of people or things, especially on the grounds of race, age, or identified sex and sexual orientation. The term LGBT stands for, lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender. These terms refer to se xual orientation and also gender identity. Every day people of the LGBT community suffer wrongful terminations and oppression in their schools for their sexual orientation or identified gender. For exampleRead MoreThe Growing Problem Of Illegal Immigration871 Words   |  4 Pagesimmigrants pour into the United States illegally. Are there any possible solutions to this trend? Immigrants cross the border either by the means of, swimming, using fake documents or by the means of using work visas. â€Å"Nearly half of the 12 million-plus illegal aliens in America arrived legally with non-immigrant visas,† said David Seminara, a tenured member of the U.S. Foreign Service (Illegal Immigration). Usually after the work visas expire, immigrants stay in the United States without anyone knowingRead MoreHow Trump And His Appointments Will Bring A New Era Of Racism Essay1738 Words   |  7 PagesHow Trump and his appointments will bring a new era of racism, hate and discrimination to the United States. Although his victory was considered unlikely by pre-election forecasts, by early morning November 9, 2016, Donald J Trump was projected to obtain over 270 electoral votes, making him the new president elect of the United States. The election was described by news organizations as a complete â€Å"shock†, with the New York Times calling it a â€Å"once-unimaginable scenario.† Donald Trump will be theRead MoreKatriel Pacheco. Ms. Tomlinson. English One. 8 March 2017.1748 Words   |  7 Pagesto accept these people but prejudice and discrimination remain against them. LGBTQ people undergo harrasement, assault and abuse almost daily and this can cause serious medical conditions and can present fear regarding authorities and immigration officers, however this problem could be solved through laws specific to LGBTQ individuals to protect them at the federal level. To begin with, the LGBTQ community faces discrimination and society needs to prevent these problems from arising. LGBTQ peopleRead MoreEmployment Discrimination Can Wear Many Faces In The Workplace.1703 Words   |  7 PagesEmployment discrimination can wear many faces in the workplace. Three common workplace discriminations are in the categories of age, weight, and sexual orientation. Only age discrimination has a specific law named after it. The law is called the Age Discrimination Act (ADA). Weight discrimination is linked with the Americans with Disabilities Act in order to be enforced. Sexual orientation (Gender identity) is linked with the Civil Rights Act of 1964. There is a new regulation called the LGBT employmentRead MoreThe Profiling Of The United States1190 Words   |  5 Pagespoints out the United States public today has criminalized the religion of Islam and this has caused discrimination on the structural level. Citizens in the United States expect that they are no t subject to marginalization and be treated equally. Instead what Muslim constituents are finding is that they are being treated unfairly by law enforcement. Undermining the laws of the United States sets a dangerous precedent for the future. Thus it is absolutely crucial that the United States federal judiciaryRead MoreMilitary Rule Of The Civil War1374 Words   |  6 Pagescivilian courts were not operating. For example, during a war where the civil courts stopped functioning. 4. Four Justices thought it was Congress, rather than the courts, who should be responsible for deciding whether a military court could try civilians. 5. Habeas corpus is an important part of the Constitution because it prevents a prisoner being held for an indefinite amount of time long without having formal charges filed against them. This is important in restricting the ability of governments to

Tax and Business Partnership for Extractive Industries Transparency

Question: Discuss about theTax and Business Partnership for Extractive Industries Transparency. Answer: In business a situation where there is a security or a key assentation between two people or extra individuals is referred to as partnership. Doing admirably association are consistently in view of decency, conviction and commitments are explained in printed assentation or casual, where the parts and commitments are comprehended or consented to verbally. One perhaps committed to a partner where the case is again and again or one would be fit for picking his/her own partner. In remote country running accomplices are required to intersection dialect obstructions as well as to help you complete your own work creatively without diminishing into the typical cross-culture corners one run over in an outside setting (Aaronson (2011). Running an accomplice got likewise a few difficulties in the event that where an organization can have gone to some obnoxious causing sharp emotions and demolishing in a business bargain. It is vital for the two gatherings to be receptive and tolerating of each other's disparities. There must be an eagerness to adjust and learn. There are instances where organization are possessed in the interest of alternate partners, and they are each by and by capable, severally and similarly, for business credit, appraisal or convoluted issue. For instance, if a business inability to pays on a remuneration to a lender, the accomplices private property is question to expansion and insolvency to repay the loan boss. On the off chance that you anticipate starting a new business accomplice, a composed association assentation is essential. On the off chance that you and your accomplice don't explain your rights and obligations in a composed business association assentation, you'll be ineffectively arranged to settle conflicts when they develop, and minor mixed up presumptions may discharge into hard and fast disputes (Sauv Ward (2009).in extension, without a created understanding saying something unique, your state's law will control various parts of your business. An association understanding empowers you to structure your relationship with your assistants in a way that suits your business. You and your accessories can set up the offers of advantages (or incidents) every assistant will take, the commitments of every associate, what will happen to the business if an accessory leaves, and other fundamental principles. There are a few key components which must be incorporated into an association ass ention. Name of the organization with a specific end goal to accomplish the character of the association (Armstrong (2011). One can utilize his/her last name or even embrace and enlist an imaginary business name. commitments to the organization is pivotal and that been important that you and your accessory work out and records who will contribute property, cash, or organizations to the business before it opens and what ownership rate every assistant will have as contrasts over responsibilities have bound many promising associations. According to (Chesbrough Schwartz (2007), Portion of advantages, hardships, and draws is moreover indispensable representation questions i.e. will profit and mishaps be dispensed in degree to an associate's rate eagerness for the business. Associates' energy is furthermore fundamental in circumstances where without an assent regardless of what may be normal, any accessory can tie the Partnership without the consent of the accessories. It ought to likewise include, association basic leadership, administration obligations, conceding new accomplices, withdrawal or demise of an accomplice and ultimately methods for settling question. Exhibit qualification typically requires the recipient to have the capacity to lawfully call the wage to be paid to them, however at times they will most likely be unable to legitimately approach the installment (Freudenberg (2013). In exhibit qualification the trust makes a circulation minute proclaiming a vested and indefeasible enthusiasm for the pay, yet does not make the installment to the recipient. In many workplaces the general practice is for the recipient to be dealt with as not being by and by qualified for the wage. Subject to remarks made at a later phase of this decision it is wanted that this training be presently received in all workplaces. In the light of specialists, the view is held that the essential way to deal with an assurance in the matter of whether introduce qualification exists is to ask in the case of, having respect to the terms of the put stock in instrument and significant statute law and tenets of value, the specific recipient has a present or quick ap propriate to request installment from the trustee (Tran-Nam et al (2012). It is viewed as that where there is a viable bearing to collect salary, with the goal that the recipient's entitlement to the satisfaction in the wage is put off to a period in future, the recipient is not by and by qualified for the gathering pay, since he doesn't have a present appropriate to request installment. CGT event C2 and G1 includes an open decision with a declaration of the magistrate's assessment about the path in which a significant arrangement applies, or would apply, to elements by and large or to a class of substances in connection to a specific plan or a class of plans. (Gaal (2013) GCT event G1 happens in capital installment for shares where if an organization makes an installment to a citizen in connection to an offer the citizen claims in the organization. A few or the majority of the installments is not a profit or a vendor's dispersion that is taken to be a profit and the installment is excluded in the citizen's assessable salary. The installment can incorporate giving property, e.g. the conveyance of an advantage in specie. CGT event C2 manages when an immaterial CGT resource arrives at an end. It happens in cancelation, surrender and comparative endings (BINDING (2011). This is the point at which the difference finishing an advantage is gone into or, assuming none, when a benefit closes. In capital picks up the capital continues from the completion less the benefit's cost base while in capital misfortune resource's lessened cost base less the capital continues. Profits are the arrival paid to investors from the benefits made by an organization (Chetty Saez (2005). Incompletely in view of potential expense focal points, the proprietors of little organizations will regularly pay themselves a mix of profits and pay as opposed to only either. Like alternate sorts of wage, the individual accepting a profit from an organization may need to pay assess by and by. The profit remittance, similarly as the old expense credit, evacuates a component of twofold tax collection as organizations pay profits out of burdened benefits, as it lessens the assessment generally payable on profit salary (Allen et al (2000). The twofold tax assessment is likewise lessened by the lower charge rates material to profit wage. To the extent the investor is concerned, the measure of expense really paid by the organization is unessential the profit stipend and profit impose rate being close to home to the person. Referring to (Beggs Skeels (2006) Franking credits otherwise called attribution credits are a kind of expense credit that enables Australian organizations to pass on assess paid at the organization level to investors. The advantages are these franking credits can be utilized to diminish salary assess paid on profits or possibly be gotten as a duty discount. Fundamentally franking credits stop the twofold tax assessment of organization benefits as the expense paid at organization level can be passed to the investor. As an organization creates benefit its needs to pay assess. The organization can either reinvest a few or this cash once again into the business or pay out a few or all to investors as a profit (Gray (2008). One is qualified for get an acknowledgment for any expense the organization has paid. On the off chance that your best rate is not as much as the organization's assessment rate, the Australian Tax Office (ATO) will discount you the distinction. References Aaronson, S. A. (2011). Limited partnership: Business, government, civil society, and the publicin the Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (EITI).Public Administration and Development,31(1), 50-63. Sauv, P., Ward, N. (2009). The EC-Cariforum Economic Partnership Agreement: Assessing the outcome on services and investment.Brussels, European Centre for International Political Economy (ECIPE) Working Paper Series. Armstrong, S. P. (2011). Australia and the future of the Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement. Chesbrough, H., Schwartz, K. (2007). Innovating business models with co-development partnerships.Research-Technology Management,50(1), 55-59. Freudenberg, B. (2013). Tax on my mind: Advisors recommendations for choice of business form. Freudenberg, B., Tran-Nam, B., Karlinsky, S., Gupta, R. (2012). A comparative analysis of tax advisers' perception of small business tax law complexity: United States, Australia and New Zealand.Austl. Tax F.,27, 677. Gaal, J. (2013). Some general CGT issues.CGT Small Business Reliefs: The Comprehensive Practitioner's Handbook, 5.BINDING, L. (2011). Class Ruling. Chetty, R., Saez, E. (2005). Dividend taxes and corporate behavior: Evidence from the 2003 dividend tax cut.The Quarterly Journal of Economics,120(3), 791-833. Allen, F., Bernardo, A. E., Welch, I. (2000). A theory of dividends based on tax clienteles.The Journal of Finance,55(6), 2499-2536. Beggs, D. J., Skeels, C. L. (2006). Market arbitrage of cash dividends and franking credits.Economic Record,82(258), 239-252. Gray, S. F. (2008). The impact of franking credits on the cost of capital of Australian firms.SFG Consulting.

The Resolute Man Finds a Way free essay sample

There are few events more conducive to making a 14 year old boy have an anxiety attack than putting him on a pitcher’s mound in a game in front of 30 of his very attractive female peers. I learned this lesson the hard way during my first 9th grade high school baseball game, pitching poorly and getting pulled from the game just an inning into the contest. Unfortunately, my first poor showing turned into a string of losses that eventually led to me getting cut from the team after the season. Feeling extremely depressed and discouraged after losing my spot on the team, I began to wonder where my place in the sport, and ultimately in life, was. My infatuation with baseball started off as nothing more than a way for me to make friends in a new community but eventually grew into something much more: a love affair that consumed my life, created my identity, and served as a physical outlet for my mental and emotional unrest. We will write a custom essay sample on The Resolute Man Finds a Way or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page I knew that if I didn’t want to lose my first true love I’d have to extend my playing days beyond the high school field, where I was no longer given a chance, and into the collegiate arena. Thus, I developed a rigorous and meticulous plan to somehow earn an offer to play college baseball. The cold, iron weight room forged out an indifference to pain that helped me push through obstacles that I never thought possible. Running at the track at night forced me to focus on the next step, always striving to give 100% as I legged out the last few yards of a sprint. My favorite part of training would be long-tossing in the 300 yard open field behind my school. Over the months my high-arcing, maximum effort tosses stretched farther and farther, representing the progress I was making as both a pitcher and person as I tossed aside people’s assumptions about my skills and broke through new plateaus of confidence and skill. After a few years and many long days of practice, I found myself back on the mound in the position I had coveted for months: a showcase where I had the chance to perform in front of 100 college coaches and finally prove myself. Digging deep and utilizing all of the skills I had gained over the past few years, I gave up no runs and stuck out 3 in my two innings of work. At the end of the day, I had 6 college offers from high academic schools and was the happiest kid in the world. No matter what future games I pitch, win or lose, there will never be one more important than the metaphorical one that I’ve played against myself these past few years, one where I can say that I’m stepping off the mound with a label I’ve proudly created for myself: I am a winner, and that is a distinction which can never be taken from me.

Beauty in Dante and Augustines Journey Into God Essays

The Role of Desire/Beauty in Dante and Augustines Journey Into God Essays The Role of Desire/Beauty in Dante and Augustines Journey Into God Essay The Role of Desire/Beauty in Dante and Augustines Journey Into God Essay Essay Topic: Light in August The Role of Desire/Beauty in Dante and Augustines Journey Into God BY cfl?100 The Role of Desire/Beauty in Dante and Augustines Journey Into God In both Confessions and The Divine Comedy, Augustine and Dante are depicted as very creative and intelligent men. Both of them have a love for the beauty in life. These beautiful things that are put in front of them cause both men to yield sinful desires. Augustine and Dante both know that certain desires, when not recognized as being created by God, can lead to their own damnation. Dante and Augustine come o realize that, despite being human and having desires, they must be fully dependent on Gods grace and love to make the Journey to him. From a very young age Augustine presents as a person who loves beauty. In Confessions, the reader is exposed to Augustines love for physical beauty during his adolescent years. He is distracted from a young age by the physical beauty of women and seems to be constantly thinking about them, which keeps him from his studies. He alludes to this in Book 3 when he says and more sweet still when I was able to enjoy the body of my lover (Augustine, 1. 2). Augustine has a love for the beauty in knowledge as well as the beauty of women, but as a young boy and young man, his desire for the love of knowledge and language takes a back seat to his desires involving women (his desire for women precede his desire for love of knowledge and language). This is exhibited throughout Confessions when Augustine acquires a mistress. This mistress i s taken from him and he misses her greatly, yet not enough so that he abstains from relations with other women and remains faithful to her. Augustine takes more mistresses throughout Confessions and even when converted, e struggles with his ongoing physical desire for beautiful women. He struggles both consciously and unconsciously to keep from thinking about them, but fails when he has sexual flashbacks during his days and erotic dreams during his nights. He writes, These images, have such an effect on my soul, my flesh, that false images in my sleep obtain from me what true visions cannot when I am awake (Augustine, 10. 0. 237). Augustine knows that both his love for these beautiful women and his desires for them are misguided. Augustines soul is heavy with these desires and they bring him arther and farther away from the grace of God. He is so caught up in the beauty of these women that, even when converted, his mind turns to them constantly. His whole being longs for them so gravely that even while he lies dreaming, the women come to him and guide his unconscious mind away from God. Augustine is lost in a sea of desire and is struggling to fgure out how he is supposed to live a life that is dependent on Gods grace and His love, while still appreciating the beauty that God has put in front of him in the form of women. Augustine comes to realize that not all hysical beauty is necessarily sinful. He understands that God created beautiful things because beauty in itself is goodness. He looks at the world around him and says, The eyes love beautitul shapes ot all kinds, glowing and delignttul colors. These things must not take hold of my soul; that is for God to do. Certainly God made these things very good, but it is He Himself, not these things, who is my good (Augustine, 10. 34. 243). Thus, Augustine decides that all of his love should be for God, and anything that is beautiful has to be loved with connection to God. He goes on about is theory in Confessions when he discusses how to love all things cohesively with God. He says If bodies please you, praise God for them and turn your love back from them to their maker, lest you displease Him in being pleased by them (Augustine, Book 4, Chapter 12, 81). He means that if you are to fall into your desires of beautiful women, you must thank God and love God for creating that beautiful women or else you are Just pleasing your desires and displeasing God. This illustrates the concept of idolatry, which is essentially worshipping a physical image and not the idea behind t. Like Augustine, Dante is depicted as a lover of physical beauty in The Divine Comedy. Dante, like Augustine, is human, and is prone to the same desire of women and their physical beauty. Beatrice is mentioned throughout The Divine Comedy and is meant to represent all that Dante believes to be beautiful and desirable. Though Dantes soul desires the love of Beatrice, it does not stop him from seeing and appreciating other women and their beauty. Dante sees and desires these beauties that have been placed in front of him by God. In Inferno, Dante is exposed to others ho have wrongly expressed their love of beauty in the Second Circle, where the Lustful are eternally punished for their misdirected love. The souls that are trapped there are blown back and forth by terrific winds of a violent storm, which represent how powerful lust, can be. And how it can Just violently and aimlessly take you from here to there whenever it pleases. In the Second Circle, Dante meets the couple Francesca and Paulo. Francesca tells Dante the story of how they came to be in the Second Circle of Hell. She tells Dante their story in a very seductive manner, hich can sway the reader from what she is actually saying: Love, that can quickly seize the gentle heart, took hold of him because of the fair body taken from me, (Dante, Inferno, 5. 00-107). She tells the tale in such a romantic way that Dante feels immense pity for the couple that he faints after hearing their story. He did not realize initially that though it all sounds beautiful and romantic, Francesca really told a story of love that stemmed from nothing but physical attraction. She clearly says that Paulos love for her is only because of the fair body/taken from me (Dante, 01-102). Also, her love for Paulo was only formed through his beauty (Dante, 104). Clearly these two people did not have love for each others souls and for God, but were merely treating each other as two pleasurable objects, not connecting themselves with God. Like Augustine, Dante realizes that though their story may be pitiful, they are rightfully in the Second Circle because they have offended God by not loving each other on a deeper theological level?they must love and depend on God to really love each other. What Francesca and Paulo essentially did was put themselves and their esires before the one who created them. For them, their desires overshadowed their appreciation and love for God; they took advantage of the beauty that God put in front of them (each other) and did not love Him for creating said beauties. Dante explains that Francesca and Paulo were indulgent in their desires tor one another, and he says, In the moment each of the lovers had delight in the image of the other, and both of them had a mutual delight in their love. But lussuria cannot stop there; the mutual indulgence is bound too soon to become two separate single indulgences (Dante, 119). Dante means that although Paulo and Francesca did love each other, their love was only based upon the physical beauty of the other, therefore their love was deemed sinful. So by saying this, Dante rightfully places them in the Second Circle of Hell. In both Augustine and Dantes Journey into God, they were faced with multiple struggles. A main struggle was the understanding of beauty and all of the desires that come along with it. For both men, finding the balance between appreciating the beauties of the world, including women, and their desires for these beauties was necessary in their Journey into God. Through Confessions and The Divine Comedy, Augustine and Dante come to realize that beauty is not a sin in itself, and God made beautiful things and beautiful people to represent His goodness. They come to the conclusion that in order to appreciate the beauties set in front of them, they must be fully dependent on Gods grace and His love. If they did not love the creator of these beautiful things, how could they love the things at all? They would be damned if they ignored the creator, they would be lost in their own desires and stray far away from their path of their Journey into God.

How to Prove an Argument Invalid by a Counterexample

How to Prove an Argument Invalid by a Counterexample An argument is invalid if the conclusion doesnt follow necessarily from the premises.  Whether or not the premises are actually true is irrelevant.  So is whether or not the conclusion is true.  The only question that matters is this: Is it  possible  for the premises to be true and the conclusion false?  If this is possible, then the argument is invalid. Proving Invalidity: a Two-step Process The counterexample method is a powerful way of exposing what is wrong with an argument that is invalid.  If we want to proceed methodically, there are two steps: 1) Isolate the argument form; 2) Construct  an argument with the same form that is obviously invalid. This is the counterexample. Lets take an example of a bad argument. Some New Yorkers are rude.Some New Yorkers are artists.Therefore Some artists are rude. Step 1: Isolate the Argument Form This simply means replacing the key terms with  letters, making sure that we do this in a consistent way.  If we do this we get: Some N  are RSome N are ATherefore some A are R Step 2: Create the counterexample For instance: Some animals are fish.Some animals are birds.Therefore some fish are birds This is what is called a substitution instance of the argument form laid out in Step 1.  There is an infinite number of these that one could dream up.  Every one of them will be invalid since the argument form is invalid.  But for a counterexample to be effective, the invalidity must shine forth.  That is, the truth of the premises and the falsity of the conclusion must be beyond question. Consider this substitution instance: Some men are politiciansSome men are Olympic championsTherefore some politicians  are Olympic champions. The weakness of this attempted counterexample is that the conclusion isnt obviously false.  It may be false right now, but one can easily imagine an Olympic champion going into politics. Isolating the argument form is like boiling an argument down to its bare bonesits logical form.  When we did this above, we replaced specific terms like New Yorker with letters.  Sometimes, though, the argument for is revealed by using letters to replace whole sentences or sentence-like phrases. Consider this argument, for instance: If it rains on election day the Democrats will win.It wont rain on election day.Therefore the Democrats wont win. This is a perfect example of a fallacy known as affirming the antecedent.  Reducing the argument  to its argument form, we get: If R then DNot RTherefore not D Here, the letters dont stand for descriptive words like rude or artist. Instead, they stand for an expression like, the Democrats will win and it will rain on election day.  These expressions can themselves be either true or false.  But the basic method is the same. We show the argument s invalid by coming up with a substitution instance where the premises are obviously true and the conclusion is obviously false.  For instance: If Obama is older than  90, then hes older than 9.Obama is not older than 90.Therefore Obama is not older than 9. The counterexample method is effective at exposing the invalidity of deductive arguments.  It doesnt really work on inductive arguments since, strictly speaking, these are always invalid.

Software Usability Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 3

Software Usability - Essay Example Usability focuses entirely on providing information on how to design effective websites that offer better usability and accessibility to its users. Usability offers plentiful information on factors that enhance a user’s quality of experience of a site. The structure of the site offers easy accessibility to major information resources relevant to the site’s mandate. The pages have a consistent design format, which ease the process of finding information. The purpose of Usability is to help government web designers create sites that have more usability and accessibility of the sites (Usability, 2011). Usability tries to address web design issues that touch on a site’s usability and offers help on how to design, plan, and evaluate the usability of a site. The overall look of Usability is that of a well-organized online information resource. The site is true to its purpose of enhancing usability of sites through user-centered web design. Usability has no adverts on its pages, only links to content related to designing more usable web sites. The right column, which is usually full of adverts in many sites, has links to the site’s content and readers’ comments on the topic under discussion on the particular page. The feel of Usability is that of highly credible, informative, and user-oriented web site with great information architecture. The content on every page is purposely for the advancement of better web design that is adaptive to user preferences and requirements. The information feels very high ranking in credibility, judging by the user comments, reviews, quality, and the elaborate referencing of the content provided. The apparent target audience for Usability is government web designers (Usability, 2011). However, as you delve deeper into the content of the site, you begin to lose the feeling that the content’s orientation is towards government web designers. The content is useful to all web designers in general, and could be

Police Ethical Conduct Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Police Ethical Conduct - Research Paper Example The ethical codes of conduct of the police or the law enforcement officers have a significant role to play in the work of the police. One of the primary reasons requiring such ethical code is that the public, in general, would not accept a police department that is corrupted. The concept of ethics in this regard is associated with corruption, failure to act, gifts, and gratuities. In the recent times, in several countries including the United States, the corruption levels of the police officers have increased to great extents. Such corruption examples include officers not acting on criminal activities, acceptance of bribes, providing information that may put at risk an enquiry to issues or suspects of the investigation, involvement in the mission of a crime, making complaints that are fake and initiating actions by the court, failure to bear witness precisely, and forgery of police reports or official declarations for search or arrest warrants (Stering, 2004, p.37). The need for ethi cal police conduct is essential since if one police officer gets corrupted, it has a significant effect on other officers as well. In general, the public has a belief that the police are involved in corrupt activities and that they try to protect each other in their personal interests. However, police officers have been found to be proud of their profession and they tend to have values for the integrity and respect that are associated with their work. Generally, they try to perform their activities professionally and without being involved in corruption, such involvements meaning exception (Stering, 2004, p.37). The present study thus focuses on the ethical codes of conduct of the police officers also discussing the causes behind officers undertaking unethical decisions. Police Ethical Code of Conduct: The Law Enforcement Code of Ethics was in the beginning considered as an oath of a police officer rather than as an established code of ethics. However, there was an aspiration of hav ing an oath of office that could be used for graduation ceremonies. This desire led to the creation of a separate code of ethics and conduct for the law enforcement officers and the police.

Health Care Conditions Essay Example for Free

Health Care Conditions Essay As we analyze the factors contributing to health care costs we must find a solution that provides high-quality care for an aging population. Improvements to modern medicine are prolonging life causing a schism between a health care system oriented towards acute care and the increasing chronic care needs of older adults. Studies do show that health care costs for older Americans account for one third of all national health care expenditures. This being said the average expenditure for health care services for adults 65 and over is nearly four times the cost of those under 65. More significant changes need to be considered given the financial crisis our health care system faces. Health care costs are not solely due to longevity; consider increased utilization, new medical technologies, general inflation, fraud, and waste and abuse. This paper will discuss one article to be used in my final presentation on health care for anaging population. Data collection procedures The study on chronic health conditions used a questionnaire presented to study participants by in-person and telephone interview using computer-assisted software. They also used the Statistics Canada Canadian Community Health Survey (CCHS) for age prevalence patterns and to show how chronic condition prevalence varies by age group. The use of the CCHS survey for historical data and comparisons is very appropriate for this study. The use of a questionnaire, while not ideal, is appropriate for the large number of participants. The survey sampled approximately 130,000 people aged 12 years or older. In-person interviews are the most reliable, but the downside to using telephone interviews using computer-assisted software is that participants may go through the questionnaire quickly or skip questions if they are unsure. Identity protection for research subjects Confidentiality is the protection of information that an individual has trusted you with and disclosed to you for a particular reason. Informed consent is a process in which the researcher explains to the participant what steps are taken to keep their information confidential and what would happen if there were a data breach. The participant then has the information needed to determine if this is adequate and whether or not to continue with the project. The article does not discuss the steps taken to  protect the identity of participants. There is no mention of patient record abstraction, personal information collected or informed consent. Reading the article, it is an assumption that the only information collected was the age and number and type of chronic conditions for each participant. Study reliability and validity The reliability of this study, that is, the consistency and repeatability of the measure is high. A question related to the number and type of chronic conditions experienced by each participant is reliable and is measuring one topic. The questionnaire meets face validity – it is a common-sense assessment and the question measures exactly what they want to study. Data analysis procedures To answer the research questions, the researchers used data from the CCHS survey to develop a baseline of the number of chronic conditions within certain age groups. That data was then projected for 25 years based on the target population which was derived from a model of the economic demographic system (MEDS) projection. The hypothesis, â€Å"The expectation is that, as the large baby boom cohort moves into older age categories, the overall proportion of the population with chronic conditions will increase† (Denton Spencer, 2010), is best answered by projecting the number of people in each age group based on historical data and factoring in immigration, emigration, mortality, and fertility rates. I believe this study is quantitative. It involves randomly selected participants, uses face-to-face and phone questionnaires, the data analysis is statistical and is presented in tables and graphs, and is used to recommend a final course of action. The study design is descriptive, also called observational. Validity is important in descriptive studies; the lower the validity, the more study participants you will need. â€Å"For an accurate estimate of the relationship between variables, a descriptive study usually needs a sample of hundreds or even thousands of subjects.† (Hopkins, 2000) Conclusion In conclusion, the study shows that more than two-thirds of the population over the age of 12 has a chronic condition and 90% of them are over the age of 65. The researchers believe that as the participants move into higher  age groups the prevalence of chronic conditions will increase, which this study proves. The prevalence rate in 2005 is 68.7% and the prevalence rate in 2030 is 71.9% which is an increase of 3.2%. But how does this affect health care utilization and cost? With a modest reduction in the prevalence of chronic conditions, one-third of the projected increase in health care spending could be cut by 2030. In this study, a modest reduction is described as reducing the number of chronic conditions by one. Those with three chronic conditions would be reduced to two, two would be reduced to one, and one would be reduced to none. The strengths of this study are the high reliability and validity of the data recorded from the questionnaires. The data analysis and projections based on the target population, adjusted for emigration, immigration, mortality, and fertility was the best option for this type of study. The weaknesses of the study were the inability to abstract data on chronic conditions from the medical records of the participants, and the exclusion of participants in institutions which resulted in an under-estimation of chronic conditions in older populations. Another weakness noted by the researchers was that there was no record of the severity of the condition. This does not allow for accurate accounts of those cured of the chronic condition during the study period. References Denton, F.T., Spencer, B.G. (2010). Chronic health conditions: Changing prevalence in an aging population and some implications for the delivery of health care services. Canadian Journal on Aging, 29(1), 11-21. Doi:http://dx/doi.org/10.1017/SO714980809990390 Hopkins, W.G. (2000). Quantitative Research Design. SportsScience, 4(1), retrieved online May 26, 2014 from http://www.sportsci.org/jour/0001/wghdesign.html

The Puffy Chronicles :: Puff Daddy Music Musicians Rappers Essays

The Puffy Chronicles Puff Daddy, born Sean Combs on November 4, 1969 in Harlem to Melvin and Janice Combs, began his life of violence at a young age. When Sean was two years old, his father was tragically murdered. This forced Janice to move to a safer environment in Mt.Vernon, NY where she had to work three jobs in order to provide for her family. One can see that Sean’s broken home and the violence that constantly surrounded him influenced his lyrics and style of music throughout his life[I1] . His angry lyrics and shouts of aggression in his individual tracks certainly support the argument of his childhood having a big impact on his style of rap. Exploding onto the rap scene, Puffy soon found himself engulfed by the lifestyle of a rapper. For a short time, Puff Daddy was involved in one of the biggest East Coast vs. West Coast battles. Violence erupted, which lead to the death of two rappers: 2Pac and Notorious B.I.G. During this whole time, Puffy was busy producing music and influencing the style of other artists.[I2] Biggie’s single â€Å"Hypnotize† soared up to number one and stayed there long after his death. It was not long until the world would get a taste of Puffy’s very[I3] own style. Puff Daddy released the solo album No Way Out in the summer of 97’. No Way Out is an odd mixture of gangsta rap, soul, and r&b. But, somehow it seems to work for Puffy and his crew. At times while listening to the tracks, one is confused as to which direction Puffy and such featured artists as Mase, Lil Kim, Notorious B.I.G., and Busta Rhymes are headed because the tracks are either violent, apologetic, or r&b. In â€Å"Victory†, Busta Rhymes spews out angry lyrics of violence about kidnapping rival West Coast Rapper families and gunning down enemies. Then in a spin-off of Sting’s â€Å"Every Breath You Take†, one can feel the pain and anguish as well as the regret in Puff’s voice as he raps about the death of his best friend, Notorious B.I.G. â€Å"I’ll Be Missing You†, a tribute to Biggie, won the award for Best Rap Performance by a Duo or Group (vh1.com 2). Biggie’s wife, Faith Evans, provided background vocals to th e song while Puffy raps, â€Å"Give anything to hear half your breath/I know you still living your life, after death.

The gender income gap

Abstract The Gender Wage Gap is something invented by prehistoric man back in the sass's. Designed to keep women from making the same money and receiving the same benefits as their male counter-parts. This was a devise born in gender discrimination , intended to keep women in her place. When it was found to be unconstitutional they tried to fix it , but the monster had grown out of proportion. It had gotten so out of hand that no one not even the original creator could recognize it.There are so many factors that make up the gap but the largest factor still remains as discrimination. The Gender Gap For as long as there have been Jobs and Women in the workplace. There still exists a terrible unaddressed form of gender prejudice. Statistics indicate that it doses*Г? matter if they have the same Skills, more time on the Job or the same Education. Women do not make the same money and receive the same benefits as men doing the same Job. How many female Coo's have you seen in fortune 50 0 companies?According to Francine Blab & Lawrence Kahn from the National Bureau of Economic Research @ http://www. Never. Org/papers/we Both gender-specific factors,including gender differences in qualifications and discrimination, and overall age structure contributed to this ever increasing gap. As far back as 1957 women chose occupations for which on -the -Job training is less important, gender differences in occupations would also be expected. Women would especially avoid jobs requiring large investments in skills which are unique to a particular enterprise.Because the returns to such investments are reaped only as long as one remains with that employer. At the same time, employers may be reluctant to hire women for such Jobs because the firm bears some of the cost of such firm-specific training, and ears not getting a full return on that investment. Many employers thought of women as temporary workers due to the probability of them leaving to start a family or already having a family or a successful husband who had the means to support them. Here lies the fallacy off man has to support his family.The ever present threat of pregnancy loomed in the heads of most employers. The playing field was evened out a little with the emergence of the birth control pill. The Power of the Pill. According to Claudia Golden & Lawrence Katz from the National Bureau of Economic Research @ http://www. Never. Org/papers/7527 When the pill was introduced to the female population after FDA approval in the sass's. Its had a direct positive effect on women's career investment by almost eliminating the chance of getting pregnant and thus the cost of having sex.The Pill also created a social multiplier effect by encouraging the delay of marriage generally and thus increasing a career woman's likelihood of finding an appropriate mate after professional school. Even though women are outpacing men in getting college degrees thief not enough to close the gender pay gap. The American As sociation of University Women tackled he pay gap question by looking at workers of the same educational attainment*name kind of college, same grades;loading the same kinds of Jobs, and having made the same choices about marriage and number of kids.They found that college-educated women earn 5 percent less the first year out of school than their male peers. Ten years later, even if they keep working on par with those men, the women earn 12% less. .. Jane Farrell and Sarah Jane Glenn explore the question of whether there is more gender equality among minority men and women than among whites†¦. Playing the Numbers. The Gender *rising High Education. According to Doyle, William R. Change. (May/June 2010) volume 42 Issue corporate Resources. There are two factors that contribute to the higher education gender gap in the US.First, the gap begins, and in mostly accounted for, by gaps in high school completion. Second the labor market continues to provide differential earnings for men and women, even those who are similar in terms of the education, experience, and choice of careers. Even if women and men had similar educational credentials, scores on standardized tests, field of study, and degree from college of similar selectivity the gap in earnings would be about $4,400. The Gender Gap for Young Professionals in the Corporate and Financial sector.According to a report written by M. Bertrand, C. Golden and L. Katz from the National Bureau of Economic Research @ http://www. Never. Org/papers/w14681 The career's of Mamba's, who graduated between 1990 and 2006 from a top US Business school, are studied to understand how career dynamics differ by gender. Although male and female Mamba's have nearly identical (labor) incomes at the outset of their career's , their earnings soon diverge , with a male annual earnings advantage reaching almost 60 log points and ten to 16 years after MBA completion.There were three identifiable reasons for the large and rising gender ga p in earnings: is differences in training prior to MBA graduation; differences in career interruptions; differences in weekly hours. Gender differences in earnings across the years following MBA completion. The presence of children is the main contributor to the lesser Job experience, greater career discontinuity and shorter work hours for female Mamba's. Gender differences in the annual Income of psychiatrists. According to Weeks, W. B. , & Wallace. ,A. E. (2007)Psychiatric Services,58(4),51 5-20.American Psychiatric Publishing,Len. In this article published on a study of the annual Income of female psychiatrists vs. that of male counterparts was 13% lower on an average from the 1980 thru to the 1990 and persisted on thru to 2001. It also stated that the female Doctor would more likely be employees of the practice, as opposed to having an ownership interest in the practice. This tells me that it din*Г? even matter how much education a woman had . Even in the halls of higher lea rning , there still existed this gender gap.It din*Г? matter if she had the same Education as a male doctor, There was still no equality in pay. And you know there was no physical inhibitors. Why wives earn less than husbands. According to Kraft,Susan. American Demographics.. Jan 94, Volvo. 16 Issue 1, Corporate Resources. Some married women are closing the earnings gap with married men, but most work fewer hours and at lower paying Jobs. A woman has a hard time matching a mans income, even if the man doses*Г? work. Because men who don*Г? work still have income from unemployment, disability, pensions, and investments.Working wives whose husbands don*Г? work make the largest contribution to family income, but even their contributions accounts for less than half(42%) of that segment's aggregate income. Then we have the two income households, where many wives find it too expensive to work. Many dual income families must subtract the cost of child care, and a second car. They only add an addition 14% to the families income. So more than likely they are working for Job benefits. And last but not least according to Thatcher, J. (2013). Art Monthly 50:50, (367), 5-8.Women are still woefully under-represented in the art world argues Jennifer Thatcher. :Last year an artist fired one of their studio assistants for being pregnant. She recalled that as soon as she made the announcement she was treated fervently , and spoken to as though she had made a huge mistake. Despite working as hard as she could in an attempt to prove she could manage the work. She was eventually asked to leave and forgo her rights to statutory maternity pay. There lies the Physical inhibitors, Gender Specific discrimination.This type of discrimination still exists in the work place, and they are not trying to hide it. To be spoken to and treat like you had a disorder of some sort is Just not exceptionable and against the law. For over 50 years women have suffered the consequences of this wage gap, between them and their male counter-parts. Since 1963 there has been a bill sitting in the halls of Justice and not in-forced due to its lack of Importance to our nations leaders (UN-popular). Women have suffered UN-imaginable hardships caused from this gap . Women are doomed from the beginning starting with their very first paycheck.The gap Just gets wider and wider not stopping until they receive their very last Social Security check. This gap has had serious ramifications for women and their families. What happened to our human rights? I thought I lived in America, we have gone to war in foreign countries defending their human rights. But when this issue comes up , they Just explain it away by saying men have to support their families Based on the evidence that I have submitted, you be the Judge is it fair that men and women doing the same Job don*Г? get paid the same money? This is discrimination in its worst form.

Bhggh

Lie Wisely wrote a book based upon survival and using everything to its fullest. Even through the struggle of being in those concentration camps, Lie was still capable of overpowering the enemy and push forward. In the novel Night, by Ell wisely, the theme Is to never stop moving forward and to make the most of what they have. The first major theme Is that people should never stop moving forward. In other words, this means that no matter what life throws at someone, people need to find the strength to pick them selves up.These thoughts were going through my mind as I continued to run, not feeling my numb foot, not even realizing that I was still running, that I still owned a body that galloped down the road among thousands of others. † This quote symbolizes that Lie was injured, but still had high hopes of hanging on, even if it meant to endure the immense pain coming from his foot. The second main theme is to make the most of what they have. In better detail, even if the Jews don't have anything, they use every inch, every aspect of the littlest to their advantage.They use everything to Its fullest extent. â€Å"We all got up. We all pulled our soaked blankets tighter around our shoulders. And tried to take a few steps, to shuffle back and forth, In place. † This quote encourages that even In the state of being helpless and cold, they still found a way to make the best out of their situation. In the book Night, by Lie Wisely, the themes are to never stop moving forward and to make the most of what they have.

Expansion and Capture of New Markets

Expansion and Capture of New Markets Introduction Within the recent years,the e-commerce retailing market is rapidly growing and maturing. Creating the specialized website, Superdry has penetrated into the e-commerce market successfully. At the same time, the design of the website requires further improvements as well integration of the social media options for the purpose of attracting new customers and retaining the old ones. The peculiarities of the spheres of the e-commerce and the clothing market need to be taken into consideration for assessing the associated risks.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Expansion and Capture of New Markets specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Research findings According to the results of the recent market research, Superdry not only obtains all the necessary characteristics of a successful retailer, including high quality product, strong brand name and recognizable brand identity, but also looks for new opportunities for p enetrating new markets and utilizing new channels by re-assessing their digital strategy. Superdry as a clothing brand remains popular among various demographic groups (Cotter â€Å"Is Superdry Still Fashionable?†). The tactic which was chosen by the designers, namely the combination of the features of Chinese and American street-wear styles was rather risky but appeared to be successful (Phong â€Å"Brand Pofile: Street-Wear Label Superdry†). Realizing the benefits of the penetration into the e-commerce market, Superdry pays attention to improving the customer’s interface and incorporating new options into the e-commerce retailing site of the company for the purpose of increasing the customer’s satisfaction with the services and attracting the continuous customers. The analysis of the market Within the recent years, a tendency for the rapid growth in the sphere of the European e-market has been observed with more than 25% of growth in sales per year. For example, in 2009 the e-market sales in Europe reached $307, 1 billion as compared to $ 196.9 billion in 2007 and $ 255.7 billion in 2008. According to the forecast for the e-sales in the year 2011, it is expected to be more than $ 400 billion (â€Å"European E-Commerce to Reach 323 Billion Euros in 2011†.) This statistic data and the experts’ forecast for the future growth demonstrate that the investments into the sphere of e-commerce are expected to be profitable. Graph 1 (Adapted from Marketing Charts Website)Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Though the clothes are one of the products requiring trial fittings with the emphasized importance of the color integrity, the clothing is one of the most successful spheres of e-commerce (â€Å"The E-Commerce Market: Size and Trends†). With the quick maturation of the e-market, companies cannot rely o n the prolonged period of its development and should pay proper attention to the development of the sphere in a timely manner (Rigby â€Å"Social Commerce Set to Be Key in 2011†). The criticism of the interface The success of the e-commerce strategies depends upon the convenience of the interface of the company’s web site. In that regard, the design of Superdry website is not consumer-friendly, limiting the opportunities for filtering the products by colour, price and style. Another restriction of the layout is the lack of the option of viewing all the products on one page. With the high competition in the sphere, the customer’s convenience is crucial and the disadvantages in the layout can have a significant impact on the customers’ choices and preferences. The poorly designed website can even have a negative impact on the company’s off-line reputation (â€Å"How to Be an E-Commerce Success†). Being induced to scroll the long lists of the u nfiltered products, customers can decide to switch the service provider. Proposal for the improvement of the Superdry website The major directions for the improvement of the Superdry website include enhancing the customers’ convenience in working with the site and incorporating the social media options into the website layout. Developing the segmented databases for processing the data on the products can be beneficial for increasing the customers’ satisfaction with the interface and even increasing the e-sales of Superdry. Providing customers with opportunities for printing newsletters and generating their awareness on the loyalty programs would be beneficial for generating the consumers’ awareness of the available products and existing options.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Expansion and Capture of New Markets specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Including the elements of the social media into t he interface of the website could be helpful for enhancing its effectiveness. It is possible to start from the automated communications such as welcome, birthday messages for the registered users and proceeding to more complicated options such as creating the links with the social networks. The experience of installation of the specialized cameras in the fitting rooms for providing customers with opportunities to share photos with their friends on the Facebook and ask them for a piece of advice has increased the company’s sales (Rogers â€Å"Integrated Experience Design†). Adoption of this experience and developing the idea of incorporating the social media options into the retail e-commerce can be beneficial for Superdry. Recommendations for Superdry For the purpose of creating a competitive edge and enhancing the effectiveness of the retail e-commerce website, Superdry should focus on the customer-friendliness of the website interface as well as generating the consum ers’ interest by making some special offers, such as vouchers, discounts, gifts packaging. One of the major recommendations is providing customers with opportunities to find exactly what they were looking for by integrating the filtering options into the website interface (Jody â€Å"Superdry, Superbrand!†). Along with working on the layout of the pages and enhancing the convenience and satisfaction of users, the Superdry web designers should aim at creating the opportunities for receiving customers’ feedbacks and taking them into account for making the desirable improvements. Providing customers with an opportunity to express their opinion concerning the work of the website and the quality of the service in general would produce the impression of the involvement into the company’s progress. At the same time, the analysis of the customers’ feedbacks is a valuable source of information on the existing demands of the target customer population. It is important to incorporate particular revolutionizing options for ensuring the user that the company provides the unique opportunities of making reservations in store schemes and trial a click and collect, for example. Growth opportunities and integrated digital strategy The main opportunities for the growth of the company include refining the Google adwords, integrating the social media options with the e-commerce retail options and working on the multi-language campaigns for broadening the customer database and targeting at multi-language audience. For the purpose of optimizing the work of the search engine, Superdry asked for help of Rice Media, the digital agency which had worked on the improvement of the Superdry online marketing strategy and increased the number of visitors of the website by 15% (Cowan â€Å"Superdry Appoints Rice Media for Online Drive†).Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Social media options, including the design of the mobile-friendly site and providing customers with opportunities for socializing inside of the site on the forums and through the link to the most popular social networks, are expected to attract wider audience and increase the chances of repeating purchases. The website contains the information on the policy concerning the company’s motifs for collecting the personal information which is believed to enhance customers’ sense of security (â€Å"Privacy Policy†). Creating the links to the social networking websites would motivate users to create the authorized accounts and consequently provide the administration of the website with their personal information which can be used for developing future marketing strategies. Engagement path The achievement of the customers’ involvement into the dialogue with the company retailer is a gradual process including the four major stages of awareness, evaluation, conversi on and engagement. The stage of awareness presupposes enhancing the customers’ awareness of the brand and increasing its popularity for generating the public interest. On the stage of evaluation, customers analyze their experience, making the conclusions which would have impact on the following process of decision making. On the stage of conversion, customers are supposed to make a choice between the various existing tools and decide on the most suitable of them. After the completion of the three previous stages, when an individual has got certain experience and has evaluated it, the engagement of the customers into the dialogue with the company is more probable. Methods of influencing the individual buying phases With the recent shift to the customized approach to the e-commerce, the retailing companies have to develop strategies for retrieving the information on the customers’ preferences, processing it and choosing the appropriate methods for influencing the custome rs’ buying phases. After attracting the customers’ attention with promotions and advertisements, the company should concentrate on retaining the attention. It is important to provide customers with all the necessary support, ranging from the technical support in navigating the site to the opportunities of price comparison. While making the purchase, customers should be provided with the information on the price reductions and discounts. Proper attention to the after-sale phases would increase the chances of the repeating purchases. Companies need to take into consideration the delivery and guarantee terms as well as stimulation for future purchases such as bonus and invitation for the sale events. Conclusion The penetration into the e-commerce retailing market provides a number of opportunities for Superdry though the peculiarities of the quickly growing market need to be taken into consideration by the company for evaluating the existing risks. The success of the e-co mmerce retailing market is associated with the technical integrity and convenience of the website interface as well as the optimization of the search engine, thus, requiring new specialists (â€Å"Managing Risk in E-Commerce†). At the same time, considering the peculiarities of the sphere of the clothing retailing which requires trial fitting of the products, the refunds and exchanges are a separate category of risks which need to be taken into consideration (Budania, Sunil. â€Å"E-Retailing – A New Strategic†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ). Budania, Sunil. â€Å"E-Retailing – A New Strategic†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Sunil Budania Blog. Web. Cotter, Gary. â€Å"Is Superdry Still Fashionable?† Buzzle.com. 16 October 2010. Web. Cowan, Katy. â€Å"Superdry Appoints Rice Media for Online Drive†. Creative Boom. 13 July 2010. Web. â€Å"European E-Commerce to Reach 323 Billiopn Euros in 2011†. Marketing Charts. n.a. 9 August 2010. Web. â€Å"How to Be an E-Commerce Succ ess†. A-K Strategic Business Solutions. n.a. n.d. Web. Jody, Leon. â€Å"Superdry, Superbrand!† Pondering’s of a Digital Marketer: Industry News, Trends, Strategy and Insight. 30 June 2010. Web. â€Å"Managing Risk in E-Commerce†. Business Link. n.a. n.d. Web. Phong, Luu. â€Å"Brand Pofile: Street-Wear Label Superdry†. Fashion. Telegraph. 10 February 2010. Web. â€Å"Privacy Policy†. Superdry Website. n.a. n.d. Web. Rigby, Chloe. â€Å"Social Commerce Set to Be Key in 2011†. Internet Retailing. 12 Nov. 2010. Web. Rogers, Teri. â€Å"Integrated Experience Design†. Think. Create. Deliver. Blog. 17 June 2010. Web. â€Å"The E-Commerce Market: Size and Trends†. Global Merchant Services. n.a. n.d. Web.

Getting through the most awkward interview moments

Getting through the most awkward interview moments At some point in your career, you’re going to have an awkward interview moment. It may be something you say; it may be coming from the interviewer; it could be anything. In the end, all you can do is laugh it off and hope for the best (or start working on the next opportunity), but there are also some strategies you can implement that can make things a little smoother in the meantime. 4 ways to ease interview awkwardness1. When you don’t know the answer to a questionYour brain is shouting, â€Å"Stall for time!† while you think about the answer to a question you don’t understand- or just plain don’t know. The problem is that the interviewer can tell that you’re a) stalling for time or b) bluffing your way through if you try to get around the answer. Your best bet is just to be honest.â€Å"I don’t know† isn’t a great response, but try framing it differently. â€Å"That’s a good question! Can you clarify what you m ean by the [X-Y-Z] process?†2. When you’re trying to avoid an elephant in the roomLet’s say you’re interviewing at Y Corp, and Y Corp just happens to be infamous for shady corporate behavior or poor reviews by former employees. You definitely don’t want to lead with that, but you might have legitimate concerns about what it would be like to work there. Instead of putting the interviewer on the defensive, try framing it as a question about what the culture is in the office, and whether the company is addressing some of the issues raised in public. If your query comes from a place that’s thoughtful and curious, rather than accusatory, it creates less friction with the interviewer.3. When you’re being asked about highly personal informationIt’s illegal for employers to hire (or not hire) based on factors like religion, family status, or ethnicity. So if you find yourself being asked questions about this (either directly or in an indirect way, like through small talk), you can redirect. You don’t have to come on strong, talking about legal employment statutes, but it’s okay to steer the conversation away.For example: if you think the interviewer is trying to figure out if you’re likely to have children in the near future, emphasize that you’re committed to the job as a priority, regardless of what is going on in your personal life.4. When you got fired from your last jobIt happens. Not every job ends with a seamless transition to the next one. If you’re trying to cover a firing (even if you were fired for something you did), it’s not necessarily a dealbreaker, and you should be prepared to talk about it. Practice your response ahead of time for a question like, â€Å"Why did you leave your last job?† or â€Å"Can you tell me about the circumstances when you left your last job?† Practicing it beforehand can decrease anxiety in the moment- a plan in place means you know exactly what to say. It can also help you modulate your tone, because you really don’t want to seem angry or defensive in front of a potential new employer.Be sure to limit your answer to just the pertinent info. If you find yourself inclined to start with, â€Å"Okay, here’s the story of what really happened. My boss was a total jerk, and†¦Ã¢â‚¬  then it’s time to edit. Keep personal details and opinions out of it. And it’s fine to give a brief, one-or-two sentence discussion of what happened. The interviewer isn’t looking for a saga- just the basic understanding.And above all else- be positive. Even the worst situations can provide valuable learning opportunities, so you can say, â€Å"It was a challenge, but it taught me much more about how to handle a situation like this proactively and helped me refocus my energies on the skills I needed to build.†Being able to get through these awkward moments can make the difference between a failed interview and a saved one. Staying calm and talking through it can usually fix an embarrassing moment and hel p you get things back on track.

Questionnaire and design Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Questionnaire and design - Research Paper Example The segmentation of the questionnaire is positive as it makes the process easier to understand. On the other hand, the dell questionnaire is complex and this may increase the non-response rate. The long questions and innumerable options in some of the questions will make the process tiresome and boring hence response error (McDaniel & Gates, 2006). This would also mean that the respondents will have to spend a long period in submitting information. Moreover, there are biased questions that will therefore impair the responses. These questions will influence the choice of answers of the respondents. A sample of a better questionnaire is provided below. Burke is an independent research firm whose services personal computer DELL computers to gather honest opinions of DELL personal computer systems have sourced. The questionnaire asks questions about DELL and on level of internet

How was Nazi Concentration Camp worser than Soviet Concentration Camps Movie Review

How was Nazi Concentration Camp worser than Soviet Concentration Camps - Movie Review Example They killed millions of people for political gains. In the end, it all boils down to quality vs. quantity. Under which regime did more people died? Vs. which regime killed more brutally? The popular perception is that perhaps Stalin regime probably killed far more people than the Nazis. But records from relevant sources (scholars from Poland, Israel and Germany) show that Stalin regime killed far less people than Nazis. The Nazi regime focused their attention on one race. Holocaust was targeted towards Jews and the majority of them were tortured to death or died from starvation. Stalin regime did kill millions of people in Gulag but these numbers are far less than Nazi killings. There is a certain reason as to why the Holocaust is considered far worse than the crimes committed by the Stalin. Labeling an entire race of people as ‘outcasts’ is more brutal than finding political excuses to take people’s lives. People who suffered under Stalin regime probably could have found an excuse to spare their lives by paying strict taxes but Jews had no chance under Hitler’s rein. They were either supposed to flea of die. It is sad and satirical to count dead bodies and claim a winner in this debate. Numbers of killings doesn’t matter. It’s about human lives and tragedy that was hammered down upon people living in both countries. Some people say that the number in Stalin camps were far more than the people at Nazi concentration camp. But when a loved one is lost, it is only the family that actually suffers and knows how much it hurts. For instance the argument about the number of people who were murder at Treblinka; whether they were 780,862 or 780,863 doesn’t make much sense. It is a huge number and the tragedy doesn’t subside by thinking that it is a huge number. The individual life matters and there is no truth beyond that. All these people were humans and they left loved ones to mourn their death. Nazis killed much more people than

The Media War; Iran, America & Israel Literature review

The Media War; Iran, America & Israel - Literature review Example They continuously label the state of Israel as a Zionist nation which Iran and other Islamic states call a terrorist state. In more recent times, Iran has been fingered for developing nuclear capabilities. Although similar accusations which led to the invasion of Iraq in 2003 by the Bush administration were proven to be unfounded, the Iranian government continue to suffer a similar accusation. However, in the case of Iran, hard evidence from diverse sources have been put forward to show that Iran is developing nuclear capabilities which would obviously be a threat to Middle Eastern peace because Iran has a history of targeting Americas allies in the region and also have a deep rooted history of tensions with Sunni states like Saudi Arabia which dates back to over 1000 years ago. This paper examines the role of the media in dealing with the US-Iran conflict and the effect on Israel, a US regional ally. The paper will examine the medias involvement in the Iranian situation since 1979. It will go on to examine the way Iran is disclosed in the media since 2000 and other possibilities for war that are relevant to the situation at hand. US-Iran relations were good since the 1960s and 1970s. Shah Mohammed Reza Pahlavi was an ally to the US government. Due to this, the Shah and Iran got very positive media revelations in the United States and the West (Watson, 1989). There were over 20,000 Americans who moved into Iran and there was so much media exposition on Iran and the lavish spendings of the Shah and his regime (Watson, 1989). Although the Shah was projected to be a good thing, there was a hard hand that was wielded against the enemies of the Iranian Shah and his government and most of them had to flee into exile. This was hardly reported in the Western media or in the Iranian media, the were covered up and the Shahs regime was presented as a

Literature review of concepts and theories of Motivation

Literature review of concepts and theories of Motivation In the fierce era of competition, organizations nowadays are more emphasizing on the management of Human Resources (Robert. L, 2008). Motivation; a key strategy in Human Resource Management has helped practitioners largely enough to subject the term Motivation for a discussion. Steers et al. (2004), asserted that employee motivation plays a vital role in the management field; both theoretically and practically. It is said that one of the important functions of human resource manager is to ensure job commitment at the workplace, which can only be achieved through motivation (Petcharak, 2002). Based on these reasoning, this paper shall include analytical and empirical studies to reveal the discrepancies and feasibility aspect of the domain, as Rai (2004) put forward; motivation is crucial for good performance and therefore it is increasingly important to study what motivates employees for better performance. This section offers a review of literature, which explores the concepts, types and theoretical aspects including content and process theories, theories of motivation developed in other psychological areas as well as empirical evidences in organizational contexts. 2.1 Motivation Motivation is defined as a human psychological characteristic that add to a persons degree of commitment. It is the management process of in ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡uencing employees behavior. (Badu, 2005) Conversely, Bartol and Martin (1998) relate motivation to the force that stimulates behavior, provide direction to behavior, and underlies the tendency to prevail. In other words individuals must be sufficiently stimulated and energetic, must have a clear focus on what is to be achieved, and must be willing to commit their energy for a long period of time to realize their aim in order to achieve goals. However, other than motivation being a force that stimulates behavior, Vroom (1964) emphasized on the voluntary actions. Supported by Steers et al. (2004), Vroom (1964) defined motivation as a process governing choice made by personsamong alternative forms of voluntary activity. Similarly Kreitner and Kinicki (2004) assumed that motivation incorporate those psychological processes that create the arousal, direction and persistence of voluntary actions that are goal oriented. Quite differently from the other definitions, Locke and Latham (2004) identified that motivation influence peoples acquisition of skills and the extent to which they use their ability. According to the authors the concept of motivation refers to internal factors that impel action and to external factors that can act as inducements to action. The three aspects of action that motivation can affect are direction (choice), intensity (effort), and duration (persistence). Motivation can affect both the acquisition of peoples skills and abilities; and also the extent to which they utilize their skills and abilities (Locke and Latham, 2004). In a nut shell, different authors have put forward the concept of motivation differently. Nonetheless, these definitions have three common aspects, that is, they are all principally concerned with factors or events that stimulate, channel, and prolong human behavior over time (Steers et al. 2004). 2.2 Intrinsic and Extrinsic motivation Following Lakhani and Wolf (2005), Lakhani and Von Hippel (2003) and Lemer and Tirole (2004), the current scholarly thinking favors a framework that considers two components of motivation given by intrinsic and extrinsic components. Accordingly, Lawler (1969) intrinsic motivation is the degree to which feelings of esteem, growth, and competence are expected to result from successful task performance. This view bounds intrinsic motivation to an expectancy approach and expectancy theory which clearly indicates that intrinsic and extrinsic motivations summate (Porter Lawler, 1968). Moreover, as per to Amabile et al. (1993) Individuals are said to be intrinsically motivated when they seek, interest, satisfaction of curiosity, self expression, or personal challenge in the work. On the other hand individuals are said to be extrinsically motivated when they engaged in the work to gain some goal that is part of the work itself. As per to the author this definition of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation is based on the individual perception of the individual perception of task and his or her reasons for engaging in it. Moreover, Amabile et al. further argued that intrinsic motivators arise from an individuals feelings with regards to the activity and they are necessary to adhere to the work itself. Conversely, extrinsic motivators although they may be dependent on the work, they are not logically an inherent part of the work. Furthermore, in line with the concept of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation, De Charms (1968) suggest that external rewards might undermine intrinsic motivation. He further proposed that individuals seek for personal causation and because of the desire to be the origin of his behavior; man keeps struggling against the constraint of external forces. Thus, De Charms hypothesized that when a man perceives his behavior as originating from his own choice, he will value that behavior and its results but when he perceives his behavior as originating from external forces, that behavior and its results, even though identical in other respects to behavior of his own choosing, will be devalued. De Charms (1968) further argued that intrinsic and extrinsic motivation may interact, rather than summate that is the introduction of extrinsic rewards for the behaviors that was intrinsically rewarding may decrease rather than enhance the overall motivation. The author argued that the introduction of an extrinsic reward put the individual in a dependent position relative to the source of the reward. The locus of causality for his behavior changes from self to the external reward and thus the individuals perception of self-control, free choice, and commitment deteriorate and hence do his motivation. In addition Frey (1997) note that high intrinsic work motivation evolving from work which is interesting involves the trust and loyalty of personal relationships and is participatory. However, under certain circumstances, intrinsic motivation can be diminished, or crowded-out by external interventions like monitoring or pay-for-performance incentive schemes. This was also supported by Frey and Jegen (2001) who reviewed the literature on intrinsic motivations and found that the evidence does suggest that incentives sometimes do crowd-out intrinsic motivations. Besides, Frey (1997) suggests that the important matter is whether the external intervention is in the form of a command or a reward. Commands are most controlling in the sense that they seize self-determination from the agent, while rewards might still allow autonomy of action. The maximization of employees motivation to attain the organizations goals can only be obtained through a complete understanding of motivation theories (Reid 2002). There is a wide variety of theoretical frameworks that have been developed in the attempts to explain the issues related to motivation. Stoner, Edward and Daniel (1995) has described two different views on motivation theory, given by the earliest views and the contemporary approach which can further be subdivided into content and process theories. 2.3 Theories of Motivation 2.3.1 The earliest views of motivation One of the earliest views of motivation is Frederick W Taylor et al. (1911) scientific management theory. Taylor (1911) with regards to employee motivation proposed a paternalistic approach to managing workers and argued that workers are economic men and in order to motivate them, workers should be paid higher wages. The author also argued that the higher is the wage rate, the higher will be the level motivation and productivity. Furthermore, Taylor points out that many payment methods were ineffective, as they did not reward efficiency and he believed that a differential piece-work incentive system should be replaced with a piece rate incentive system (Wren, 2005). In other words workers should be paid according to the number of units produced in order to motivate them to work. On the other hand in line with building on the concept of motivation Elton Mayo (1953) came up with the Human Relations approach whereby the emphasis is laid on non-economic motivators. According to Elton Mayo (1953), if objectives of organizations are to be met, it must attempt to understand, respect and consider the emotions, sense of recognition and satisfaction that is the non-monetary needs of workers. He believed that employees are not just concern with money but also they need to have their social needs to be met in order to be motivated to work. He is of view that workers enjoy interactions and managers should treat them as people who have worthwhile opinions. Furthermore, McGregor (1960) postulates Theory X and Theory Y which is based on assumptions about people and work. According to this theory, there are two types of assumption made with regards to employees whereby theory X assumes that employees are lazy and therefore theory X suggests that in order to motivate employees a more autocratic style of management is required. On the other hand theory Y assumes that workers enjoy work, committed to objectives of the organization and will apply self control and self directed in the pursuit of organizational objectives and therefore does not require external control. 2.3.2 Content theories of motivation Content theories tend to focus on individual needs and attempt to explain the factors within a person that stimulate and stop behavior (Reid, 2002). According to Bassett-Jones and Lloyd (2005), content theory assume a more complex interaction between both internal and external factors, and explored the circumstances in which individuals react to different types of internal and external stimuli. The most well known content theory of motivation is the hierarchy of needs which has been put forward by Abraham Maslow (1943). According to Maslow, people are motivated by five types of needs and in order to motivate people to work more productively there is a need to offer them opportunity to satisfy those needs. He proposed that basic needs are organized in a hierarchy of prepotency and probability of appearance (Wahba and Bridwell, 1973). These needs include physiological needs, safety needs, social needs, self-esteem and self-actualization. Maslow argued that once a lower order need is fulfilled, the next level of needs in the hierarchy comes into play that is once employees satisfy the lower order needs they will next consider the next level of needs. The author further argued that unfulfilled lower needs dominate ones thinking and behavior until they are satisfied (Berl et al. 1984). However this theory has also been criticized to a large extent, for example Wahba and Bridwell (1973) argued that based on the ten factor analytic studies that have attempted to test Malows theory; there is no clear evidence that human needs are classified into five different categories, or that these categories are organized in a special hierarchy. The authors contradict Malows proposition and points out that, none of the studies has shown all of Maslows five need categories as independent factors, for example some studies have showed that the self-actualization needs may emerge as an independent category. They also argued that studies have also proved the issue of need deprivation and the domination of behavior to be different from that suggested by Maslow. Moreover results have also proved that either self-actualization or security are the least satisfied needs and social needs are the most satisfied. Therefore it is difficult to determine the general pattern of the degree of sati sfaction and these trends are not the same as proposed by Maslow (Wahba and Bridwell, 1973). Conversely, Alderfer (1972) in the attempt to address the short comings of Malows theory proposed an alternative to Maslows theory which he termed as the ERG theory and postulate a three level hierarchy. Alderfer grouped Maslows five categories of needs into three categories given by Existence, Relatedness and Growth. According to the author, people are motivated by these three groups of core needs and he asserted that as one level of need is satisfied another takes over but if a need is not satisfied on a continuous basis, the individual may decide to give such a need a low priority. Nonetheless, while Maslow and Alderfer presented the concept of motivation in a hierarchy, McClelland (1961, 1971), ignored the concept of hierarchy and put forward a theory known as the acquired need theory that emphasize on three types of needs namely, need for affiliation, need for achievement and need for power. McClelland is of view that individuals experiences are acquired through life experiences that is they are learned. According to this theory individuals possess several needs, and when these needs are activated they serve to motivate behavior and this is to the contrary of Maslows proposition of a continuous progression throughout the hierarchy of needs (Steers et al. 2004). Moreover, also put differently Herzberg et al. (1959) sought to understand how work activities and the nature of an employees job influence motivation and performance. They proposed a theory that involves what they termed as motivators and hygiene factors. According to Herzberg the most crucial difference between the motivators and the hygiene factors is that the motivator factors involve psychological growth while the hygiene factors involve physical and psychological pain avoidance. The authors examined motivators and hygiene factors in the workplace and proposed that where job satisfaction was high there would be corresponding high motivation. Herzberg (1959) further argued that work motivation is influenced to a large extent by the degree to which a job is intrinsically challenging and provides opportunities for recognition and reinforcement. However despite that Herbergs theory has been widely accepted by managers (e.g Latham 2007, Miner 2005, Steers and Porter 1983), this theory has been criticized by many authors. For example Reid (2002) argued that the work of Herzberg is an examination of job satisfaction rather than motivation of employees. Reid also argued that no matter how much emphasis is laid on factors that are intrinsically rewarding, if hygiene factors such as low pay is not addressed, their full effect cannot be felt. Moreover, also Brenner et al. (1971) contradict Herzberg proposition that motivation factors increase job satisfaction and hygiene factors leads to job dissatisfaction and points out that his study and others indicated that the employees received job satisfaction and job dissatisfaction from both the motivating and the hygiene factors. Similarly Locke (1976) assessed Herzberg two factor theory and argued that job satisfaction and dissatisfaction result from different causes. 2.3.3 Emperical studies of content theories Zakeri et al. (1997) carried out research in the Iranian construction industry to find out level of Maslows hierarchy of needs are the most motivating factors and whether these factors are motivating factors or just hygiene factors as proposed by Herzberg. A list of 20 factors was chosen according to Maslows classification of needs and the lists were presented to the construction crafts- men and operatives whereby Zakeri et al. (1997) found five most motivating factors in descending order namely; fairness of pay, Incentive and financial rewards, on-time payment, good working facilities and safety. The authors argued that despite Herzbergs proposition that money is not a satisfier, this survey along with others proved that money is the most motivating factor. In addition Arnolds and Boshoff (2002) conducted research in a number of firms in South Africa to investigate the impact of need satisfaction on self-esteem and of self-esteem on performance intention as suggested by Alderfer (1972). According to the empirical results, self-esteem was found as a significant determinant of employee job performance and results showed that providing frontline employees opportunities to perform challenging work, allow participation and teaching them new things on the job will enhance their self-esteem as well as their performance intentions (Arnolds and Boshoff, 2002). The authors argued that the experiment also showed that the satisfaction of fringe benefits does not have a significant impact on performance intentions via self-esteem as an intervening variable and this support Herzbergs et al. (1959) theory. 2.3.4 Process theories of motivation Along with the content theories, there are also different process theories. According to Viorel et al. (2009) the content theories emphasize on specific factors that motivate workers with regards to certain necessities and aspirations, while the process theories emphasize on the processes and the psychological forces that have an impact on motivation. They start from the premise that motivation starts with the desire to do something. The process theories provide more realistic principles with regards to motivation techniques and therefore they are more useful to managers compared to content theories (Viorel et al. 2009). Vroom (1964), in the interest to study motivation developed an alternative to the content theories which is known as the expectancy theory. Vroom suggest that there are three mental components that are considered as instigating and directing behavior and these are referred to as Valence, Instrumentality, and Expectancy. He argued that employees rationally analyze different on-the-job work behaviors and then choose those behaviors which they believe will lead to their most valued work-related rewards and outcomes. Moreover, Porter and Lawler (1968) expanded Vrooms work to identify the role of individual differences for example employee abilities and skills and the role clarity in relating job effort to actual job performance. Porter and Lawler also explained the relationship between performance and satisfaction and argued that this relationship is mediated by the extent and quality of the rewards that employees receive in return for their job performance. In addition to expectancy theory Adams (1963), developed the equity theory to clarify how employees respond cognitively and behaviorally with regards to unfairness in the workplace. Adams suggested that employees develop beliefs about what constitutes a fair and equitable return for their job performance and contributions therefore employees always compare their efforts and the associated rewards with that of other employees and in case there is a situation whereby there is an element of injustice or unfairness there is an imbalance that is a perception of inequity will result. The author is therefore of view that when perception of inequity occurs the employee will get engaged in activities and do effort in order to reduce the inequity. On the other hand, quite differently Latham and Locke (1979) came up with the goal setting theory. According to Latham (2004), the underlying premise of the goal setting theory is that ones conscious goals affect what one achieves. The author argued that this is because a goal is said to be the objective or aim of an action and having a specific goal result to improved performance. Employees with specific hard goals tend to perform better compared to those with vague goals and that a goal is a standard for assessing an individuals performance. Moreover, Latham also suggested that to the extent that the goal is met or exceeded, satisfaction increases; and conversely, to the extent that performance falls short of the goal, ones satisfaction decreases. While content theories have tended to focus on needs of people and process theories have focused on factors motivating people, Adair (2006) have brought some new issues in the field of employee motivation and developed a new theory of motivation known as the Fifty-Fifty rule. Unlike the authors of content and process theories, Adair is of view that motivation lies both within an individual as well as external to the individual. According to the author, 50 percent of motivation lies within a person and fifty percent lies outside the person however Adair points out that this theory does not assert for the exactly fifty-fifty proportion in the equation but it only emphasized on the idea that a considerable part of motivation lies within a person while a considerable part lies outside and beyond its control. 2.3.5 Emperical studies of process theories With regards to Adams Equity theory, Levine (1993) calculated wage residuals for more than 8,000 manufacturing employees. Wage residuals re ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ect employees wages relative to employees with similar demographics and human capital in terms of education and training (Ambrose and Kulik, 1999). Levine found that employees with higher wage residuals reported that they were less likely to leave, were more satis ¬Ã‚ ed with their pay, were willing to work harder than they had to, and were more committed to the organization. Therefore in line with this argument, the author pointed out that employees with low wage residuals might be expected to experience inequity or unfairness relative to similar others and exhibit negative responses. Moreover Arnolds and Boshoff (2002) conducted research in a number of South African firms whereby they analyzed the application of the expectancy theory put forward by Vroom (1964) and they argued that the satisfaction with pay and fringe benefits does not impact on the performance intentions of frontline employees because these need satisfactions do not have any esteem valence for these employees. In other words, frontline employees do not have a higher regard of themselves if they are getting enough pay to fulfill basic necessities (Arnolds and Boshoff, 2002). Besides based on the Goal Setting theory, Stans ¬Ã‚ eld and Longenecker (2006) performed a study in a traditional manufacturing plant in the Midwestern USA to develop a model of efficient and effective goal setting and feedback practices for manufacturing. According to the authors the study showed that an information system, facilitating goal setting and feedback can play a vital role in improving individual performance levels. Stansfield and Longenecker also found that employee motivation and performance were both improved in the study, which lead to better organizational performance and pro ¬Ã‚ tability. The authors also argued that goal setting and feedback can create competitive advantage for manufacturers with a minimum investment of time and capital if they implement these practices with proper coordination. 2.3.6 Reinforcement Theory B.F. Skinner (1953) compared to need and process theories, came up with a different theory known as the reinforcement theory in which he proposed that peoples behavior is dependent upon its consequences. He suggested that if consequences of behavior is positive then such behavior will be repeated and vice-versa. Skinner (1953) argued that behavior can thus be reinforced through different forms of reinforcement or rewards. According to him individuals can be influenced in four different ways given by positive reinforcement (a reward such as praise so that the person repeat the behavior), negative reinforcement (rewarding employees by removing unwanted consequences), extinction (deliberately withheld positive reinforcement to discourage unwanted behavior) and punishment (applying undesirable consequences for unwanted behaviors). Through these theories, it can be said that work motivation has been characterized by dimensions such as interesting job, ability to perform, recognition, adequate pay, and feedback on performance (Dwivedula and Bredillet, 2010). However according to Meyer et al. (2004) it is also very important to consider differences in the psychological states, or mindsets that can accompany motivation. Therefore, Meyer et al. (2004) argued that motivation theories developed in other areas of psychology render a convincing case that motivation is multidimensional. 2.3.7 Adaptation-Level Theory Bowling et al. (2005) argued that the adaptation-level theory (Helson, 1948, 1964a, 1964b), offers one potential explanation for the temporal stability of job satisfaction. Bowling explained that the theory postulates that someones evaluation of an outcome is said to be a function of previous experiences outcomes. For example, an employee who has worked for years without a pay raise would be expected to respond positively to even a small pay increase because this change in pay would be different from that individuals adaptation level, however the positive response would be temporary as the individuals adaptation level would eventually change as the experience of the pay increase is integrated into the employees adaptation level (Bowling et al. 2005). 2.3.8 Self-Regulatory Theory Moreover quite differently, Higgins (1997, 1998) proposed the regulatory focus theory that draw important differences in the processes through which individuals approach pleasure and avoid pain. Huggins proposed that individuals have two types of motivational systems given by a system that regulates rewards (promotion focus) and one that regulates punishments (prevention focus). According to the author people who operate primarily within the promotion focus are concerned with accomplishments, are sensible towards the existence or absence of rewards, adopt a goal attainment strategy, are more creative and are more willing to take risks. However, people who operate within the prevention focus tend to be more concerned with duties and responsibilities and are more sensitive to the existence or absence of punishments. Moreover the regulatory focus is ascertained both by situational and chronic factors (Higgins, 1997, 1998). 2.3.9 Activation theory On the other hand Anderson (1976, 1983) came up with the activation theory whereby he argued that the strongest motivating factor is the work itself however over time as the worker get used with the environment and learns the responses required in the repetitive task there may be a fall in the activation level or job stimulation. It is important to highlight that over time all work tends to become repetitive after the job has been practiced and therefore a wide range of dysfunctional and non-task activities must be pursued to offset the fall in the job stimulation level (Milbourn 1984). Moreover according to Milbourn (1984), if dysfunctional activities are addressed, managers can consider enriching jobs through job redesign to reduce monotony at work in order to maintain job stimulation. 2.4 Motivational practices in Organizational environment According to Islam and Ismail (2008) the theories mentioned continue to offer the foundation for organization and managerial development practices to a large extent. Along with the above theories, during the last decade, based on employees motivation many empirical studies have been carried out (Islam and Ismail, 2008). For example, Bent et al. (1999) carried out research in small food manufacturing businesses whereby respondents were asked to complete, using a five-point Likert scale about how they felt motivated and then how satisfied they were with their jobs and the authors found that the degree of positive motivation was high. According to Bent et al. (1999) the employees were either very or moderately motivated with their jobs, however it was important to note that no respondents stated that they were either very motivated or very dissatisfied with their job. The authors also argued that issues which are associated with individual management style include lack of appreciation f rom management to feel for the work of employees and that there was also poor communication contributing to low job satisfaction and this contrasts with the identification by employees, of the motivating or satisfying qualities of a good management style. Moreover VaitkuvienÄ- (2010) conducted research in two Swedish manufacturing companies given by, the company Frilight AB and Enitor Plast AB and reported that the workers were found satisfied with the working conditions, training of staffs and career opportunities. The author argued that the Swedish employees were motivated and that the employees do not avoid responsibilities and follow directions. VaitkuvienÄ- (2010) also found that almost all employees are stimulated with the organizing of recreational tours, holidays and events. According to the author more than half of employees in the Sweden manufacturing companies are stimulated through gifts on various occasions (birthdays, holidays), free meals at work, health insurance coverage, work, clothes, equipment, travels for the company employees, days off, recognition and good working conditions and therefore the author pointed out that the employees of the manufacturing companies consider non-financial motivation tools to b e more important. Eventually, Dwivedula and Bredillet (2010), in line with the authors Cummings and Blumberg (1987) pointed out that studies from the manufacturing sector emphasize on the importance of providing autonomy, and skill variety to the employees which are otherwise absent. On the other hand Adler (1991) observed and concluded that manufacturing firms rely on job rotation, and voluntary job switching to motivate the employees. Moreover, Galia (2008) supported by Dwivedula and Bredillet (2010) reported that more recently it has been observed that, in a survey of 5000 manufacturing  ¬Ã‚ rms by SESSI (Industrial Statistics Department of the French Ministry of Economics, Finance, and Industry), practices such as autonomy at work, incentives to promote creativity have been widely adopted in order to motivate the workers.